In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out which the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is primarily as a result of not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, used like a raw product initial soften (Czochralski technique) [186]. Appropriately, determined by its production technologies, niobium pentoxide can adopt a wide range of compositions https://-lithiumniobatecrystal32962.blogprodesign.com/54175527/the-greatest-guide-to-lithium-niobate-crystal